20.1 Programming paradigms

What is meant by a programming paradigm

Characteristics of a number of programming paradigms:

• Low-level
  • Various addressing modes: immediate, direct, indirect, indexed and relative
  • Uses instructions from the computer’s basic instruction set

• Imperative (Procedural)

  

• Object Oriented
  • Uses self-contained objects
  • Containing programming statements (methods) and data
  • A class is a template defining the methods and data of a certain type of object
  • The attributes are the data items in a class
  • A method is a programmed procedure that is defined as part of a class
  • Putting the data and methods together as a single unit, a class, is called encapsulation
  • When writing a program, an object needs to be declared using a class type that has already been defined
  • Properties of an object are the data and methods within an object that perform named actions
  • An occurrence of an object during the execution of a program is called an instance
  • Data hiding protects the integrity of an object by restricting access to the data and methods within that object
  • Inheritance is the process by which the methods and data from one class, a superclass or base class, are copied to another class, a derived class
  • Polymorphism is when methods are redefined for derived classes
  • Overloading is to use the method with a different number of parameters
  • Containment/aggregation is the process by which one class can contain other classes
  • Methods used during the life of an object can be constructors, setters, getters and destructors
    • Constructor: a method used to initialise a new object
    • Setter: a method used to control changes to any variable that is declared within an object
    • Getter: a method that gets the value of a property of an object
    • Destructor: a method that is invoked to destroy an object

• Declarative
  • Example: SQL

  

20.2 File processing and exception handling

Not in Paper 3 I guess